Designers handbags for women Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Creators satchels for ladies - Assignment Example With the progression of time, the creator satchels have developed fame and ladies have moved from only totes to planner totes. Both may be viewed as the equivalent by numerous however for ladies, fashioner purses are explanation of their style, their one of a kind picture and their disposition. Fashioner totes have picked up prominence in various pieces of the world remembering for Asia. Ladies are currently more alright with the planner totes as opposed to simply cowhide purses. Originator satchels are the main selection of ladies with regards to choosing among purses and for the very explanation Luxurious has expected to give the clients a restrictive scope of planner totes in Asia. These planner totes offered to the clients are one of a kind and not the same as others in the market and in view of their uniqueness in style they are enjoyed by an enormous number of ladies. With the capability of the market and expanding request of the purses (Venugopal, 2010), this report investigations the chance of presenting one of the creator satchels offered by Luxurious in Indian Market. Indian Market is one of the most rewarding and exceptionally possible markets for satchels (Venugopal, 2010) and along these lines this report investigations the positives and negatives of the Indian market and how productive Luxurious can be on the off chance that it presents its purses in the Indian Market. With the expanding rivalry in the architect totes industry, there are various components that impact the purchasers to purchase the tote. Plan in spite of the fact that has consistently remained the most significant factor, however the cost has likewise had a significant influence to urge the customers to purchase the item. Lavish satchels in India would be offered with serious and truly sensible costs and this has been anticipated as the fundamental motivation behind why huge number of buyers would be pulled in to utilize the results of Luxurious. The serious cost of these Luxurious fashioner satchels would be useful in increasing more consideration as ladies are partial to gathering originator totes however because of the significant expenses huge numbers of them can't manage the cost of such sacks. There are number of components that would assist Luxurious with being effective in India and a portion of the central point incorporate; profoundly populated nation, request of extravag ance items including purses, buying intensity of India, and culture of India and so on. Extravagant can enter the market of India and it can open up its outlets in the Indian market and simultaneously offer its items online too. This choice depends on the way that the buying intensity of clients has extraordinarily expanded because of which the interest for quality planner purses have expanded and the pattern of online deals have additionally been expanding. Foundation India being one of the quickest developing economies of the world has a lot of potential than different markets of the world. The ladies in this district are more disposed towards planner totes than some other nearby totes accessible to them. The rising pay is another factor because of which the interest for the originator purses is favored over straightforward and nearby satchels. The principle motivation to choose this district over others is the likely development and openings that could be benefited in this market . India is rising as one of the creating nations on the planet. The architect purses industry in this nation is improving despite the fact that request globally has been diminished in view of downturn. With the ascent in the pay level in India, an ever increasing number of ladies are meaning to buy fashioner totes. The market has incredible potential for fashioner purses as style industry in this

Ellen Foster :: essays research papers

At ten years old, most youngsters are reliant on their folks for everything in their lives requiring a lot of consideration and care. In any case, Ellen, the fundamental character and hero of the novel Ellen Foster, represents a considerable measure of autonomy and develop, discerning idea as a ten-year-old young lady. The ongoing passing of her mom sends her on a journey for the perfect family, or anyplace her dad, who had demonstrated lack of care to both she and her delicate mother, was most certainly not. Kaye Gibbons’ utilization of basic lingual authority, plain discourse, and a one of a kind story structure in her first novel, Ellen Foster, permits the peruser to investigate the feelings and contemplations of this brave, ten-year-old young lady demonstrated after Gibbons’ own encounters as a little youngster. 	Kaye Gibbons’ encounters as a kid are the establishments for this stunning adventure of a youthful girl’s shocking recollections of her adolescence. As with Ellen, Gibbons’ guardians both kicked the bucket before she was twelve-years of age framing the premise of the plot and subjects of this novel. The affectionate recollections she had of her mom and the cruel ones of her dad are reflected in the musings and activities of Ellen. The oversimplified and humble disposition that the two Gibbons and Ellen typify in the novel is depicted through lingual authority and discourse all through the novel permits the crowd to increase a superior comprehension and individual empathy for both the character and creator. 	The tale is written in a short, uneven sentence structure utilizing straightforward word decision, or lingual authority, in a continuous flow to empower the peruser to see the novel in the judicious of an eleven-year-old young lady. One short, straightforward sentence is trailed by another , relating each in a simple progression of musings. Gibbons permits this surge of contemplations to again underline the whimsical view of life’s most noteworthy disasters. For instance, Gibbons utilizes the basic lingual authority and continuous flow as Ellen looks herself for the genuine individual she is. Gibbons utilizes this to show the peruser how Ellen is a normal young lady who appreciates everything ordinary youngsters relish and to differentiate the guileless clarity of the sentences to the profundity of the originations which Ellen has such an oversimplified method of clarifying. 	Gibbons’ and Ellen’s frightening past is connected in the novel through Ellen’s internal contemplations and the exchange between characters. Be that as it may, when Ellen chats with different characters, Gibbons decided not to utilize quotes or on the other hand any of the conventional techniques for reporting exchange between characters; she Ellen Foster :: articles explore papers At ten years old, most youngsters are subject to their folks for everything in their lives requiring a lot of consideration and care. Be that as it may, Ellen, the fundamental character and hero of the novel Ellen Foster, represents a considerable measure of autonomy and develop, discerning idea as a ten-year-old young lady. The ongoing passing of her mom sends her on a mission for the perfect family, or anyplace her dad, who had demonstrated aloofness to both she and her delicate mother, was definitely not. Kaye Gibbons’ utilization of straightforward word usage, plain exchange, and a one of a kind story structure in her first novel, Ellen Foster, permits the peruser to investigate the feelings and considerations of this courageous, ten-year-old young lady displayed after Gibbons’ own encounters as a little youngster. 	Kaye Gibbons’ encounters as a youngster are the establishments for this amazing adventure of a youthful girl’s deplorable recollections of her adolescence. As with Ellen, Gibbons’ guardians both kicked the bucket before she was twelve-years of age framing the premise of the plot and topics of this novel. The affectionate recollections she had of her mom and the brutal ones of her dad are reflected in the contemplations and activities of Ellen. The shortsighted and humble disposition that the two Gibbons and Ellen exemplify in the novel is depicted through lingual authority and discourse all through the novel permits the crowd to increase a superior comprehension and individual sympathy for both the character and creator. 	The epic is written in a short, rough sentence structure utilizing basic word decision, or expression, in a continuous flow to empower the peruser to see the novel in the balanced of an eleven-year-old young lady. One short, basic sentence is trailed by another , relating each in a simple progression of musings. Gibbons permits this flood of musings to again stress the whimsical view of life’s most prominent catastrophes. For instance, Gibbons utilizes the straightforward lingual authority and continuous flow as Ellen looks herself for the genuine individual she is. Gibbons utilizes this to show the peruser how Ellen is a normal young lady who appreciates everything typical kids relish and to differentiate the guileless clarity of the sentences to the profundity of the originations which Ellen has such a shortsighted method of clarifying. 	Gibbons’ and Ellen’s nerve racking past is connected in the novel through Ellen’s inward musings and the discourse between characters. Nonetheless, when Ellen banters with different characters, Gibbons decided not to utilize quotes or then again any of the proper strategies for recording exchange between characters; she

The best way to kill zombies

The best way to kill zombies… Hey guys! Remember me? I used to blog and stuff, until I became so hosed I could barely remember what day of the week it is. No, really. Several times lately Ive found myself saying, So a couple of weeks ago.no wait, that was yesterday. Then I mentally condensed two weeks into one, so I really had no idea what day it was. Ive also walked the whole length of the dorm with a bag of dirty clothes because I completely walked passed the laundry room without noticing. Seriously, the end of term *#!$ with your head. Anyway, I dont really have time for a whole entry, but I do have a few quick things to talk about. So, our good friend Ben Jones has a post-it note on his wall of a joke note passed between two of his coworkers. It says, I like you. Do you like me? Check one: _yes _no. Over winter break I stumbled across an awesome gift item that reminded me so strongly of this that I had to buy it for him. (Seriously, Five Below is the greatest store ever.) I kept forgetting to bring it to his office, but finally got around to it a couple of weeks ago. Anyway, Ben tried the gift out on me, and I dutifully followed his instructions. The image below speaks for itself. So, what do you think? Could I get money for that on eBay or something? The other thing I have to share with you is a simple image of the aftermath of 2.007 on my room. (2.007 is a design class where you spend the entire semester designing and building a robot to compete in a contest, which is taking place tonight. If that sounds familiar, it was part of the inspiration for FIRST.) Anyway, Friday was the last day to turn in your finished product, so I spent the entire week leading up to that moment doing nothing but eating and working on the robot. (Sleeping, not so much.) As a result, my floor was covered with aluminum shavings. And to no avail, since my robot doesnt work at all. =( Thanks to Ruth 07 for fulfilling her duties as Floor Vacuum Chair for one of the final times. (Ruth has never held any position on the floor except for being the person who stores the vacuum in her room, and it was a very momentous but sad occasion when she passed the duty off to Evan 10. Well miss you next year, Ruth!) Updates from the actual 2.007 competition will come later!

Violence in Our Schools Essay - 1257 Words

Violence in our Schools Children today are growing up in an increasingly violent atmosphere, both in society in general and in their schools. While there is no easy answer as to how to end this violence once and for all, we can look at some of the causes and take steps to contain that which we can. The main contributing factor in all recent school shootings has been the shooters’ feelings that they were bullied by and alienated from the rest of the children and were made to feel that they were not as good as their peers. Being targeted by the other children and having nowhere to turn to for help can cause a build up of more anger until, finally the alienated child is unable to take anymore. They struck out at their peers in what seems†¦show more content†¦These children are often from less fortunate homes and do not have good role models from which to learn coping and socializing skills. When these students are targeted, they have nowhere to turn and are at a loss as to how to end the harass ment. If they do go to parents or faculty, they are often told that they need to try harder to fit in. The awkwardness of the victims is frequently focused on instead of the actions of the bullies, leading to increased instances of poor self-esteem and feelings of isolation. In turn, this leads to the victims’ need to retaliate against the bullies, creating even more bullies in the system. Those who behave as bullies believe that they are â€Å"making a statement against society† by rebelling and causing more disruption in the school environment. When bullies are placed in settings they cannot control, they try to exert influence in the form of violent or threatening acts or words directed towards teachers and other students. They often get away with this behavior because of their tendency to surround themselves with others like them. They form small groups which consist of other children with low self-esteem and a history of delinquency, and together they are often intimidating, increasing their ability to terrorize without consequences (Bennett-Johnson, 2004, p199). Their disrespect for school rules and guidelines is often traced right back to factors they are exposed to outside of school, such as gang involvement, lack of parentalShow MoreRelatedViolence in Our Schools1176 Words   |  5 PagesCan Violence in Our School Be Reduced The problem we are facing today with violence in our schools is a major concern with communities all over the world. School violence wears many faces. It can be gang activity, locker thefts, bully and intimidation, gun use, or anything that products a victim. Violence is perpetrated against students, teachers, and staff and ranges from intentional vengeance to accidental killings and bystanders. Can violence in our schools be reduced? If so what do weRead MoreEssay on Violence in Our Schools671 Words   |  3 PagesViolence in Our Schools Most Americans dont understand the extent of violence in our school system today or simply dont understand how to address the issue. All we can seem to do is talk how bad the situation has gotten. Politicians and members of the press want to debate this issue to their benefit of gaining societies approval. Violence in schools has spread widely throughout the nation and has caused many problems among students, families, faculty of schools, and residents of theRead More Media Violence is Not the Problem - The Problem is in Our Homes, our Schools, and our Communities3259 Words   |  14 Pagesmovie, registering for the draft or to vote, buying guns, killing classmates†¦ Indeed, the dramatic increase in school shootings during the 1990s, in conjunction with the technology boom, drew much attention to mass media violence. Does media violence perpetuate aggressive behavior in its viewers? If so, to what extent? Do viewers retain models of behavior from their exposure to media violence? Do these models resurface later on during their coming of age? These are hard questions that may not have definiteRead MoreWhy School Violence Have Such Of An Effect On Our Society Today?1142 Words   |  5 PagesSpeech 131- T/TH 7:30 am Section 33282 Courtney Mathis ID # 2899247 Why does school violence have such of an effect on our society today? School violence is the intentional use of physical force or power, group or community, with the behavior likely to cause physical or psychological harm. Most school violence start from differences between teenagers. Like for instance about some weeks ago this girl named Amy Joyner died over this boy. The girls that jumped her was mad that she was datingRead MoreThe Effects Of Violence On Public Health Policy Essay1747 Words   |  7 PagesViolence compromises physical health and threatens the safety of our communities (Public health policy paper). In our nation violence continues to cause premature death, disability and injury yet there are insufficient efforts to prevent it (Public health policy paper). Currently, our interventions to prevent violence occur after a violent crime has occurred. The focus is to incarcerate individuals who have committed a violent crime (public health policy paper). We are failin g to fix the infrastructureRead MoreViolence and Education; School Safety937 Words   |  4 PagesViolence and Education: School Safety The most recent shooting at the elementary school located in Newtown, Connecticut have shifted our focus on the question of whether or not we are doing enough to protect our students in our schools across the nation. Every morning, parents send their children to school every morning trusting that they will be returning home the same day, but as we all know that isnt always the case for some. The tragedies that have taken place show that we need to pay moreRead MoreThe Violence Of South African Schools Perpetrated On Teachers By Learners Essay1690 Words   |  7 Pagesdictionary â€Å"violence is the use of physical force, usually intended to cause injury or disctruction. I strongly agree on this definition and to further more explain the definition, I will use King Shaka Zulu when he used violence in order to gain power or kingdom. We as African used violence to fight over white domination in our country that means violence in African people is running deep on their /our veins. Vio lence happens in many places but in this essay I will look at violence in South AfricanRead More Essay on Gender and School Violence1060 Words   |  5 Pagesrecent acts of violence by children have prompted us as a nation to look at the causes and possible solutions to this crisis in our schools. In fact, according to Public Agenda, a national organization that conducts public opinion research on educational issues, school safety was identified as the most important issue affecting schools by those surveyed (Johnson Immerwahr, 1994/1995). Yet school violence does not exist in a vacuum. It is directly related to the violence in our society. And forRead MoreIncreasing Violence in Youth Culture Essay1093 Words   |  5 PagesIncreasing Violence in Youth Culture In Bradbury’s dystopian classic, Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse says â€Å" ‘I’m afraid of children my own age. They kill each other’ † (Bradbury 27). Bradbury claims through Fahrenheit 451 that our society is becoming increasingly violent in youth’s culture. Furthermore, common sense seems to dictate that as technology advances violence, increases as well. Although schools are considered to be the safest places for children, media, behavioral problems, and influences insideRead More School Violence Essay1556 Words   |  7 PagesViolence in our schools is an issue that has become more prominent in the last few years. News articles about violent deeds within the school setting are on the increase. Our society demands that schools are safe for our children. In order to maintain a peaceful environment for all, we must address and inform our schools, children, and parents as well as the neighboring communities about the issue of school violence. As D avid W. Johnson, the author of Reducing School Violence states, â€Å"To eliminate

Illicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major...

Illicit Trade and Drug Trafficking Proving to be a Major Problem Drug trafficking and illicit trade have proven to be major problems that the international community face as it enters into the twenty-first century. Currently the illegal drug trade market is one of the largest sectors of the modern global economy. Because of this fact, the drug trade is deeply rooted in many nations economic and social cultures, which makes it very difficult to control. Drug trafficking also brings with it the problems of organized crime money laundering, corruption, and violence. In 1999, the United Nations Economic and Social Council warned that the international drug trade was brutal, dangerous, and ruthless for those involved with its actions, as†¦show more content†¦The UNDCP is a global leader in the fight against illicit drugs and international crime. This sector of the United Nations provides information about the global drug problem enables the international community to identify drug control priorities. Founded in 1991, UNDCP works to educate the world about the dangers of drug abuse. The Program aims to strengthen international action against drug production, trafficking and drug-related crime through alternative development projects, crop monitoring and helps to draft legislation and train judicial officials as anti-money laundering program. UNDCP also provides accurate statistics through the Global Assessment Program (GAP) part of its Legal Assistance Program. In 1984 the United Nations passed the Declaration on the Control of Drug Trafficking and Drug Abuse, which demanded for the reduction of drug production. General Assembly members in 1998, also set goals of halving drug use and substantially reducing illicit production by 2008. In addition, the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, signed in Palermo, Italy; December 2000, should aid in the eradication of all organized crime, including drug trafficking. However these actions alone will not solve the problems of international drug trafficking, if member nations do not take on these initiatives. Recently, indicators measuring the demand for illicit drugs have also started to receive international attention and haveShow MoreRelatedWhat Effect Has Narco-Trafficking Had on Colombian Politics and Society?3646 Words   |  15 PagesAbstract: Colombia is internationally notorious for the trafficking of illicit drugs, and for the past thirty years. Its impact of politics and society has been immense. This essay will highlight and expand to what extent have Colombia’s socio-politics been affected. It will firstly highlight, the damaging effects of the narcotics industry, by explaining 1) the economic effects, 2) undermining the authority of the Colombian Government through funding Guerrilla and paramilitary groups and social consequencesRead MoreEssay about Drug Traffic, A DEA Report1677 Words   |  7 Pagesreport of our current drug traffic situation we have been following between the border of Mexico and our homeland, the United States of America. This report has been g enerated by Agent Emily Richards, U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Currently I am heading a special subcommittee task force that has been following the current drug traffic issues we have with Mexico. Data collected by my committee has given evidence to difficult matters occurring that have kept the current drug cartels of Mexico inRead MoreEssay on OxyContin New Entry in the Drug War 2854 Words   |  12 Pagesin the Drug War When concerned with the ethics of development in a global environment, the issue of drug abuse is of particular importance. All of the different aspects of the drug trade impact a nation, and specifically the development of a nation within a global environment. Within the United States, drug abuse has been prevalent among specific populations in society for almost a half of a century now. Historically speaking, drug abuse has erupted in many directions; new drugs have offeredRead MoreThe Problem Of Human Trafficking1387 Words   |  6 Pagesyears’ human trafficking has recognized as major illegal and problematic activity within the criminal justice system throughout the United States and a majority of the world. Although much attention has been paid to the worldwide aspect of human trafficking it is important to realize its domestic prevalence. According to ------------------ and estimated 200,0000 to 300,000 immigrants are trafficked illegally within the United States fr om impoverished countries. The topic of human trafficking has provedRead MoreDrug Trafficking And The United States10785 Words   |  44 Pagesincreased occurrences of drug trafficking in the United States and the world as a whole. This increase in drug trafficking has resulted to a radical increase in the number of people who are affected by the illegal drugs. In the United States, the number has risen to about 19.9 billions. This paper will therefore discuss drug trafficking, its causes, effects, prevention and war against it. Whoever will read this paper, he or she will be able to take care of themselves from drug selling, consumption andRead MoreThe Problem Of Drug Trafficking10787 Words   |  44 Pagesng in the United States Drug trafficking is the worldwide illegitimate trade, which involve the cultivating, producing, distributing and the selling of materials that are subject to the drug proscription laws. There are a number of drugs which are trafficked into the United States. These include, but are not limited to heroin, marijuana and cocaine. The system of drug trafficking in the United States as well as in other countries and continents remains very complex. Although the government and non-governmentRead MoreBorder Security and Drug Trafficking3286 Words   |  13 PagesBorder Security Introduction. The problem of drugs coming over into the United States from Mexico is not new, but it is serious and in spite of many efforts by American law enforcement and border authorities, it continues day after day. This paper reviews the problem from several perspectives and brings to light attempts the U.S. has made to stop drug trafficking on our border with Mexico. The biggest issue regarding border security is the power of the drug cartels, and the majority of emphasisRead MoreThe Crime Rate in Canada2014 Words   |  8 Pagesprimarily), and any who traffic in child pornography, counterfeit credit cards, illicit telemarketing, or electronic mail schemes (internet fraud) (Organized Crime, 2012). During the last two decades, organized crime has become a far more complex and serious criminal phenomenon for Canada. Many criminal organizations have now evolved into incredibly complex networks that operate globally. While this is an international problem, Canada has seen such a drastic increase both within its own borders and organizationsRead MoreDrug Dependency And Drug Related Crime6861 Words   |  28 PagesExecutive Summary Efforts to decrease drug dependency and drug-related crime in the United States have had the opposite effect, introducing increasing levels of crime and drug use within its population. The war on drugs has been lost as more drugs continue to be smuggled across the borders, increasing number of people are using drugs illegally, and violence in the streets continues to climb. A number of arguments have been made in favor of legalizing some less harmful drugs, such as marijuana, as a meansRead MoreEffects of the United States Failed War on Drugs Policy Essay4544 Words   |  19 Pages                Effects of the United States Failed War on Drugs Policy Hector Arreola SSCI 306 MWF 10:40-11:50 AM March 14, 2012                                              Abstract The â€Å"War on Drugs† policy has been the approach by the United States to protect citizens from the harmful effects of illegal drugs. The article examines the failures of the war on drug policy has had on society, such as, increasing violence, increasing the

Estimation of Production Function of Public Sector Banks Free Essays

Project| Estimation of Production function of Public Sector Banks | | | Contents 1. INRODUCTION3 2. Methodology4 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Estimation of Production Function of Public Sector Banks or any similar topic only for you Order Now 1General Approach:4 2. 2Data Collection:4 2. 3Data Processing:5 2. 3. 1Nature of Banks:5 2. 3. 2Nature of Variables:5 2. 3. 3Assumptions in the treatment of Variables:5 2. 4Data Analysis:5 2. 4. 1Objective of the Analysis5 2. 4. 2Production Function Relationship:5 2. 5Limitation8 3. Data analysis and Results9 4. Conclusion15 5. Bibliography16 1. INRODUCTION The structure of the banking industry has undergone sweeping changes in the past two decades. In response to heightened competition from non-bank financial firms enabled by technological progress among other factors, banks have been expanding both the scale and scope of their operations, largely through consolidations. This merger wave coincides with extensive deregulation, which has removed restrictions on product offerings and interstate banking. These changes have motivated many studies. The estimation of bank productivity and returns to scale is of particular nterest because of its broad practical applications and important policy implications The Banking Sector is characterized by multiple inputs and outputs that are associated with various attributes, such as different types of deposits, loans, number of accounts, classes of employees and location of branches. Transformation in terms of moving from high operating cost, low productivity and high spread to being more efficient, p roductive and competitive has been an important challenge for the banking sector in India. Recent years have witnessed substantial research efforts that have been devoted to measuring the efficiency and productivity of the banking industry. However, assessment of performance of banks has been a problematic one because of the unresolved questions concerning inputs and outputs. In the absence of any coherent definitions, researchers have used a variety of inputs and outputs, mostly based on an intermediation or production approach. The study of the Indian banking sector is of special interest for multiple reasons. Besides being one of the fastest-growing emerging economies of the world, India has one of the largest state-owned banking systems and generates employment of around 1 million people. Secondly, the vast network of around 70,000 commercial bank branches provides the base of the finance-led growth and development process in India. Thus the issue of efficiency and productivity of banks in India is particularly important. In the aforementioned context we define productivity as a concept that involves the transformation of resources into final goods and services. Production function is a function that specifies the output of a firm, an industry, or an entire economy for all combinations of inputs. It indicates the highest output that a firm can produce for every specified combination of inputs. This function is an assumed technological relationship, based on the current state of engineering knowledge; it does not represent the result of economic choices, but rather is an externally given entity that influences economic decision-making. Almost all economic theories presuppose a production function, either on the firm level or the aggregate level. In this sense, the production function is one of the key concepts of mainstream neoclassical theories. In micro-economics, a production function is a function that specifies the output of a firm for all combinations of inputs. 2. Methodology 1 2 3. 1 General Approach: This section describes the general approach taken for the analysis of the Production function of the Public Sector Banks (PSBs) in India. A bank for its operation takes several inputs and generates several outputs. For e. g. the typical inputs are Employees, Capital for operation, Reserve Surplus, number of Branches, number of ATMs of a bank etc. Its output is typically the Loan (Advances), Interest Income etc. Since Multiple Regression is used so the production output is taken only one at a time. Also, only two input variable at a time is used, though several regression analysis have been done for different combinations of input and output to get the most reasonable and best approximate relationship. However, a bank uses any number of variables as input simultaneously. A bank measures its performance among other parameters on how much Loan or Credit it has disbursed in a fiscal year or how much Deposit it has collected from the customers etc. Though such data in isolation may not be a true estimate of the efficiency of the business because unregulated disbursal of loans may cause Non Performing Assets (NPAs) which will lower the Retained Earning of the Bank but since the report is concerned only with the Production function of the PSBs hence no comment will be made on this aspect. Similarly how competitively the Deposits have been taken will not be a subject matter of this report. The Methodology of the report is to be first gather relevant input/output data from authoritative source. The data so obtained are processed and any assumptions made for their subsequent analysis is clearly defined. In the next phase the data analysis is done wherein suitable regression technique is used to generate the relationship between the input variables and the Production output. Finally the Interpretation is done to assign the meaning to such endeavor. 3. 2 Data Collection: The data for the Public Sector Banks (PSB) in India for the following variables have been collected from the Reserve Bank of India’s (RBI) official website for the fiscal 2004-05 to 2008-09: Deposits * Capital * Loans Advances * Labour * Interest Income 3. 3 Data Processing: Nature of Banks: All the 20 Nationalised Banks including IDBI as well as all the Associate Banks of the State Bank of India have been considered for the study. Thus a total of 27 banks has been focussed from the fiscal 2004-05 to 2008-09 for their Production output vis-a-vis different inputs. Nature of Variables: For the Banking Se ctor there are few variables which are clearly treated as input variables and output (production) variables. Example includes Labour and Loan (Advances) as input variables and Interest Income as output variables. But their are variables like Deposits which are ambiguous in their treatment as either input or output. It is input because to disburse loan which is an output the bank requires deposits. It is this deposit which is finally disbursed as loan. However, Deposit is treated as Output because the performance of a Bank is measured among other parameters by how much Deposit it has been able to generate in a fiscal year. For our analysis we treat Deposits as Output/ Production variable. Assumptions in the treatment of Variables: 1. It is assumed that the cost of per unit Labour is constant and same across all banks. Thus we may take the Labour as a quantity across all banks as an input variable, without bothering about the variable wage rate for each labour i. e the Cost of Labour is a linear function of the quantity of Labour. 3. 4 Data Analysis: Objective of the Analysis The report wish to obtain the following objectives: * To establish a mathematical model of Production Function for PSBs in India. * To analyze the regression coefficients obtained vis-s-vis the PSBs’ input and output. To analyze the regression coefficients for specific banks over five years Production Function Relationship: To estimate the one variable Production output function for an economic entity the Cobb-Douglas Production Function is widely used. For the Banking industry the report establishes the relationship between the following input variables and the Production output variable: (A) For all the 20 Nationalised Banks (including IDBI) along with the Associate Banks of SBI, the following Regression Analysis is done across all the years starting from the fiscal 2004-05 to 2008-09. S. No| Input Variable1| Input Variable 2| Production Output| Across Time Period| Banks| 1| Labour| Capital| Deposit| 2004-05 to 2008-09| All PSBs| 2| Labour| Capital| Advances| 2004-05 to 2008-09| All PSBs| 3| Labour| Capital| Advances + Deposit| 2004-05 to 2008-09| All PSBs| 4| Labour| Capital| Interest Income| 2004-05 to 2008-09| All PSBs| The number observations made = Number of Production Functions * Number of Fiscal Years for which the observation is made = 4*5 =20 (B) Specific to the Largest Nationalised Bank as per capital viz. State Bank of India (SBI) and the Smallest PSB as per Capital viz. State Bank of Indore (SBIndore) were taken for regression analysis separately. The merger of  State Bank of Indore, the smallest associate bank of State Bank of India (SBI), was completed in the last week of August 2010, ut for our analysis we still continue to treat its data as separate from that of SBI. S. No| Input Variable1| Input Variable 2| Production Output| Across Time Period| Ban k| 1| Labour| Capital| Deposit| 2004-05 to 2008-09| SBI| 2| Labour| Capital| Advances| 2004-05 to 2008-09| SBI| 3| Labour| Capital| Advances + Deposit| 2004-05 to 2008-09| SBI| 4| Labour| Capital| Interest Income| 2004-05 to 2008-09| SBI| 5| Labour| Capital| Deposit| 2004-05 to 2008-09| SBIndore| 6| Labour| Capital| Advances| 2004-05 to 2008-09| SBIndore| 7| Labour| Capital| Advances + Deposit| 2004-05 to 2008-09| SBIndore| 8| Labour| Capital| Interest Income| 2004-05 to 2008-09| SBIndore| The number observations made = Number of Production Functions * Number of Fiscal Years for which the observation is made = 8*5 =40 3. 5. 1. 1 Multiple Regressions: For modelling and testing of multiple independent variables (or predictor variables), Multiple Regression is used. Since it is for only single dependent variable (or criterion variable) hence Multiple Regression is not a multivariate test. The model for a multiple regression takes the form:   y  =  ? 0  +  ? 1Ãâ€"1  +  ? 2Ãâ€"2  +  ? 3Ãâ€"3  + †¦.. +  ? And we wish to estimate the  ? 0,  ? 1,  ? 2, etc. by obtaining   ^ y1  =  b0  +  b1x1  +  b2x2  +  b3x3  + †¦.. Where the  b’s are termed as the â€Å"regression coefficients† and ? is the error or residual value. For 2 independent variables we fit the data for a plane. The beta values are used in measuring how effectively the predictor variable influences the criterion variable. R2, in multiple regression is the square of the measure of association which indicates the percent of overlap between the predictor variables and the criterion variable. 3. 5. 1. 2 Cobb-Douglas Production Function: The Production of an economic entity may be defined as a function of its inputs. In a general mathematical form, a production function can be defined as: P= f(X1,X2,X3,†¦Xn) Where: P = Production or output quantity X1,X2,X3,†¦Xn = Input variables such as Labour, raw material, capital etc. f() = function defining the relationship. This function may be a Linear Function of all input variables. It can also be a Product Function of all the individual variables with each variables weighted for a corresponding exponent. The Cobb-Douglas Production Function follows the latter approach and is as follows: P = A. L?. K? Where, P = Production or output quantity L = Labour (the number of employees) K = Capital (the monetary worth of all machinery, equipment, and buildings) A = Total factor productivity, a variable which accounts for effects on total output not explained by chosen inputs. ?, ? are the output elasticity of labour and capital, respectively. These values are constants. We assume ? , ? ;lt; 1 so that the firm has decreasing marginal products of labour and capital. The Multiple Regression is to be done using the Cobb-Douglas Production Function, then the said function needs to be in a the l inear form. To achieve linear scale the exponential Log of the Cobb-Douglas Production Function may be taken. Thus the following function is being used in the report for regression: Log (P) = a0 + ? *Log(L) + ? *Log(K) Thus the Input 1= Log(L), Input 2 = Log(K) and Output = Log(P) and Model Coefficients = ? , ? 3. 5. 1. 3 Return to Scale: Returns to scale refers to a technical property of production that examines changes in output subsequent to a proportional change in all inputs (where all inputs increase by a constant factor). If output increases by that same proportional change then there are constant returns to scale (CRTS). If output increases by less than that proportional change, there are decreasing returns to scale (DRS). If output increases by more than that proportion, there are increasing returns to scale (IRS). To summarise, it is as follows: ? + ? | Returns to scale| =1| constant| ;lt; 1| decreasing| ;gt; 1| increasing| 3. 5 Limitation * The correlation between labour expense and production across banks may be limited if the business model of the bank varies. For example banks who primary operate in larger   cities can produce more with a smaller workforce because of greater labour utilization while labour in far flung remote branches might be under utilized and may not contribute to production that efficiently. Hence we assume a linear utilisation of labour. * This correlation is limited because as technology is increasingly substituting labour in banks so a bank with smaller workforce but superior technology can still produce more. Different PSBs may differ on this aspect of technological implementation vis-a-vis their labour. * Our analysis has restricted inputs and outputs to very few variables. There can be other variables although the report has included the most important ones for the study. * In analysis of SBI and State bank of Indore we have taken only 5 data points for 5 years. This may limit the authenticity of analysis. We have chosen only two input case to estimate the production while other inputs are collectively taken i n intercept. * There is an assumption that the production function follows Cobb-Douglas Production estimation. Other Production estimation methods like Olley/Pakes and Levinshon/Pertin functions are not considered. * In the regression model, we have not factored in any smoothing techniques. * In the analysis of bank over the years the data may be misleading,banks over the year may with better technology produce more with lesser input this effect will lower their economies of scale in the given analysis, this is a wrong conclusion 3. Data analysis and Results We referred the website of RBI to get the data needed for our analysis. A total of 27 banks were taken for analysis and the data for these banks from the period 2004-05 to 2008-09 have been used for the analysis. We used the Cobb Douglas Function for the models, wherein Q = A * (Input1^ ? 1) * (Input2 ^ ? 2) The production functions thus attained provides us a view of the overall sector as a whole for the following the outputs. 1. Deposit 2. Advances 3. Deposit + Advances 4. Interest Income Further, we focussed on two banks, State Bank of India and State Bank of Indore, the largest and smallest in the sector in terms of capital, to understand the applicability of the product functions attained in the above study. Here, the data across the five years in the consideration were used to obtain the production functions for each of the input-output combinations mentioned above. The results have been summarized in the Table 1 below for the four different models taken for all the banks across five years and Table 2 for all the four models for 2 specific banks: Table 1: Case| Year| Intercept| ? ( Elasticity of Labour)| ? (Elasticity of Capital) | R2| Model 1:Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Deposits| 2004-05| 0. 6431| 0. 7257| 0. 2440| 0. 9596| | 2005-06| 0. 8010| 0. 5535| 0. 4239| 0. 9802| | 2006-07| 0. 8944| 0. 5655| 0. 4017| 0. 9731| | 2007-08| 1. 2448| 0. 4426| 0. 676| 0. 9707| | 2008-09| 1. 2768| 0. 3591| 0. 5694| 0. 9685| Model 2:Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Advances| 2004-05| 1. 0543| 0. 2347| 0. 6749| 0. 8900| | 2005-06| 0. 9721| 0. 1998| 0. 7609| 0. 9372| | 2006-07| 0. 9495| 0. 3228| 0. 6367| 0. 9448| | 2007-08| 1. 2994| 0. 2608| 0. 6275| 0. 9544| | 2008-09| 1. 2154| 0. 2486| 0. 6746| 0. 9641| Model 3:Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Deposits + Advances| 2004-05| 1. 2041| 0. 4583| 0. 4768| 0. 9416| | 2005-06| 1. 2145| 0. 3679| 0. 5987| 0. 9695| | 2006-07| 1. 2331| 0. 4450| 0. 5174| 0. 9662| | 2007-08| 1. 5742| 0. 3575| 0. 5422| 0. 9663| | 2008-09| 1. 5500| 0. 3101| 0. 6157| 0. 9683| Model 4:Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Interest Income| 2004-05| -0. 1461| 0. 5320| 0. 4036| 0. 9584| | 2005-06| -0. 0207| 0. 2972| 0. 6656| 0. 9610| | 2006-07| 0. 0246| 0. 3640| 0. 5843| 0. 9733| | 2007-08| 0. 3381| 0. 3250| 0. 5629| 0. 9639| | 2008-09| 0. 4347| 0. 2483| 0. 6411| 0. 9711| Table 2 State Bank of India| Case| Intercept| ? ( Elasticity of Labour)| ? (Elasticity of Capital) | R2| Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Deposits| -3. 03105| 0. 978999| 0. 77501| 0. 976381| Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Advances| 2. 773811| -0. 31806| 0. 972634| 0. 93499| Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Deposits + Advances| -0. 37579| 0. 453894| 0. 852554| 0. 64079| Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Interest Income| -3. 36783| 0. 872917| 0. 74153| 0. 996843| State Bank of Indore| Case| Intercept| ? ( Elasticity of Labour)| ? (Elasticity of Capital) | R2| Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Deposits| 1. 693202| -0. 37172| 1. 310855| 0. 985134| Input1: Labour In put2: Capital Output: Advances| -3. 03629| 0. 124397| 2. 214496| 0. 938827| Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Deposits + Advances| 0. 119414| -0. 21134| 1. 712892| 0. 966654| Input1: Labour Input2: Capital Output: Interest Income| 5. 081366| -1. 73671| 1. 552713| 0. 993676| The macro-economic factors in India definitely affect the performance of the banks. The various parameters like inflation, GDP affect the sentiment of the market in general, while the regulatory measures taken by RBI through changing CRR, SLR, repo and reverse repo rates effect a shift in the business outlook of the bank. Since these parameters keep on changing from time to time, we decided to have separate product functions for every year. This guards us against the negative impacts making an assumption of Ceteris Paribas in determining the product functions, where we might have a few more variables. But the correlation of those factors with the performance of the banks is not the motive of this study, and hence not in its scope. Also, while analyzing the performance of the banks, we have to keep in mind that, being in the public sector, their focus is not always on profit maximizing. Rather, the goal is often carrying out the social responsibilities like providing banking facilities at places where the venture might not be profitable, and hence not a feasible for the private sector to open branches at those places. Analysis and Results for the different models Model 1: Input variables: Labour (L), Capital (K) Output variable: Deposit The first graph below captures the variation in output with respect to change in labour and the second with respect to change in capital. A strong similarity in graph indicates that labour n capital can be almost perfect substitutes. If the graphs differ then they are not good substitutes Deposit is essentially an intermediate variable, here treated as an output. As expected, we see some variation in the results across the years. An interesting observation here is that the elasticity of labour decreases along the period under study. This is in keeping with the redundant labour created by the technical innovations of the operations reducing the productivity of labour. The policies of the Public sector bank do not allow them to reduce the input of labour suddenly. Also, the higher elasticity of capital for 2008-2009 indicates the mood of the market during the recession, where the safety of the bank deposits looked better when weighed against the risks and lower outputs of other avenues of investment. The high values of R2 point at the stability of the regression through which the production functions were attained. As the sum of Output Elasticity’s of Inputs (Labor and Capital) as ? +? value is close to unity, it implies that the Indian Public sector banks are in Economies of Scale. This is consistent with the earlier economic researches which imply the banking sector in general is in Economies of Scale (Increasing returns to scale). Model: 2 Input variables: Labour (L), capital (K) Output variable: Advances Here, again, we see that the R2 values are high indicating higher stability in the production functions. An interesting phenomenon that can be noticed in these results is in the relative stability of all three parameters across the years. The relative variation of the coefficients across the years is relatively low. Model: 3 Input variables: Labour (L), capital (K) Output variable: Deposit Advances Here, again, we see that the R2 values are high indicating higher stability in the production functions. An interesting phenomenon that can be noticed in these results is in the relative stability of all three parameters across the years. The relative variation of the coefficients across the years is relatively low. The economies of scale ? +? value is again close to unity and signifies that for all the different outputs there is an increasing scale of return. Model: 4 Input variables: Labour (L), capital (K) Output variable: Interest Income Again, we see a clear trend of declining elasticity of labour across the years, validating the observation made in case 1. The relatively higher elasticity of capital in 2008-09 indicates the stability and optimization of performance of the Indian banks in turbulent global scenario. For each of the banks under study, the income under both the heads, Interest and other, showed a steady rise. Analyzes for Specific banks: State bank of India and State bank of Indore All the above mentioned four models of input and output parameters where analyzed for State bank of India and State Bank of Indore for period of 5 Years . The below graphs are a couple of sample graphs of the analysis . All the graphs of the analysis are attached below. We must note a very interesting trend in the economies of scale (ie the sum of alpha n beta) in our result. The economy of scale for almost all the cases in the initial four analysis is slightly less than or almost equal to 1 but it is greater than 1 both for SBI and State bank of Indore respectively. This means that when we look at the overall sector the banks of larger size have almost proportionally large output as compared to their input but both in SBI and State bank of Indore the increase in output is disproportionally larger compared to increase in input. The Data used for the analysis and detailed regression analyses are attached below: The complete set of graphs created for all the models are as well attached below: 4. Conclusion The study focused on modeling the Production Function for public sector banks. The regression curves obtained from all the banks that were considered for production functions for Deposits, Advances, sum of Deposits and Advances and interest income. The coefficient of variation was above 90% in most of the cases which reinforces the assumption that the level of capital and labour count significantly explains the variation in output level. The sum of ? and ? , the parameters of the system, is nearly unity. This indicates that the industry has a production which exhibits constant returns to scale. For the analysis done on individual banks (SBI and State bank of India), the values of negative value of alpha  and beta indicate that the increase in labour or capital (as the case may) decreases the overall output of the bank. We have seen constant or slightly decreasing economies of scale across banks in any given year whereas SBIs have shown increasing scale of economy (;gt;1) over the years. To explore this issue further we had done a few more regression for some more banks for 5 years (5 data points). The analysis has thrown up very interesting conclusion, the economy of scale fluctuates by huge degree across various banks and overall it is negative. This happens when the bank is already utilizing more than the needed labour or capital for its given capacity and any further increase in it decreases the overall production . It can be concluded from this analysis that although overall it may not be desirable to have a large size bank, it is desirable to increase the size of both SBI and State bank of Indore as here the incremental return will outmatch the incremental investment as they have economies of scale greater than unity. Our results have been consistent with the previous research findings which state that banking industry has economies of scale i. e. output more than doubles with doubling of input. It was also observed that sum of output elasticity’s of factor inputs (? +? ) was greater for certain banks like SBI and State bank of Indore. 5. Bibliography * Microeconomics, 7th Edition. Robert S. Pindyck, Daniel L. Rubenfield, Prem L. Mehta. * http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Banking_in_India * How to cite Estimation of Production Function of Public Sector Banks, Papers

The effect of the American culture on my use of language

Cultures are different in certain aspects. Language is one of the cultural aspects that differ across cultures. Although I am a Chinese, I am able to speak three languages, Mandarin, Cantonese and English. The notion that I am an international student, having come from a very different culture implies that I have been exposed to different cultures where the use of the English language varies. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The effect of the American culture on my use of language specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This follows from the fact that I have resided in the United States for more than one year after completing my high school studies in the United Kingdom. It is important to note that earlier on, I schooled in China where I began perfecting my knowledge in English. Based on this illustration, it is clear that I have encountered different cultural backgrounds that influence my use of language. The fact th at the UK and the US use different languages from the one I was used to presented a big challenge since I had to learn the language again. Although, both the UK and the US use the English language, it is evident that there are slight differences that become clear in the usage. When an individual joins a different place where the language used is not the same, it is sensible to learn the language used in the new location. It is thus necessary to learn the American English language in order to fit into the American culture. Learning the American English has taken control of the way I relate to my colleagues. This has become clear since, even amongst Chinese colleagues, the use of the American English is dominant. Further, the American culture has influenced the way we conduct ourselves. As an illustration, the Chinese people do not take direct commands, instead, they humbly submit. However, the American culture has forced those Chinese living in America to face off with people issuin g commands. It is also worth to note that after coming to the US, one changes speech rules. By way of example, even though it may not be necessary to say a response, I find myself responding, an aspect that is ingrained in the US culture. As I indicated earlier, English differs across regions. As an example, the language version that is used in the UK is not the same as the one used in the US. As an English learner, I still experience problems despite the fact that I have learned the language for some time. I believe that some of the problems that I face are down to knowledge issues although others revolve around cultural aspects. The major problem lies on the idea that I began learning English in China. During the English lessons, the teachers did not take time to highlight any aspects of the American culture. As a result, I was not in a position to figure out how English is used within the American culture. Advertising Looking for essay on languages? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As an illustration, when one poses, â€Å"how are you?† a Chinese is tempted to think about himself whereas, the expression is used as a greeting. Additionally, in the Chinese culture, there are limited responses to greeting expressions. It is thus little surprising that after coming to the US I have learned more response expressions. It is evident that culture is influential in many respects. As the paper establishes, since coming to California, I have been heavily influenced by the American culture. Specifically, I have changed my use of language. I have also been able to enlarge my knowledge of English since the version of the language used in the US is slightly different from the ones used in China and the UK. This essay on The effect of the American culture on my use of language was written and submitted by user Marc Sharpe to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.